Prevalence of Medial Longitudinal Arch in Third Trimester of Pregnant Women

Abstract

Pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester, is associated with substantial hormonal and biomechanical alterations that can affect foot structure and function. One notable change is the flattening of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), which may contribute to pain, discomfort, and reduced postural stability. Despite its clinical relevance, limited local research has explored this phenomenon among pregnant women in Karachi. This cross-sectional observational study aims to evaluate changes in the MLA among 383 third-trimester pregnant women selected through non-probability convenience sampling. Assessment tools include the Navicular Drop Test, Foot Posture Index (FPI-6), footprint analysis, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Foot Function Index (FFI). Participants with congenital foot deformities, significant obstetric complications, or neurological and musculoskeletal conditions affecting gait are excluded. The findings indicate that MLA flattening is highly prevalent during the third trimester and is significantly associated with pain and functional limitations. Early identification and appropriate interventions, such as supportive footwear and foot care strategies, may improve comfort, mobility, and overall quality of life in pregnant women.