Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb: Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestation, and Preventive Strategies

Abstract

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a critical medical condition characterized by the formation of blood clots within deep veins, most frequently occurring in the lower limbs. Globally, DVT affects approximately 1 to 2 individuals per 1,000 annually, with a significant burden observed in Pakistan; for instance, research in Karachi reported a 15.3% incidence rate among bedridden orthopedic patients who did not receive preventive treatment. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate major risk factors and clinical manifestations while emphasizing the necessity of early detection and public awareness. Analysis of clinical data reveals that the most prominent risk factors prolonged immobilization, aging, and hospitalization or ICU stays each account for 22% of cases, followed by hormonal therapy and orthopedic injuries at 11% each.

While symptoms typically include unilateral leg swelling, pain, redness, and warmth, many cases remain asymptomatic, increasing the risk of the clot traveling to the lungs to cause a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Ultimately, DVT is a highly preventable condition that remains underrecognized. These findings underscore the critical importance of implementing prophylactic measures, such as anticoagulant therapy and early mobilization, alongside robust patient education to reduce overall morbidity and mortality.