Pakistan Digital Publishers
type: channel
description: Pakistan Digital Publishers – Preprint Server is an open-access scholarly platform dedicated to the rapid sharing of research outputs before formal peer review. The server enables researchers to disseminate preprints and graphical abstracts quickly, enhancing visibility, transparency, and early academic engagement. All content is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License, ensuring free and unrestricted access with proper attribution to the authors. The platform supports multidisciplinary research and encourages open science by allowing authors to retain copyright while sharing their work globally. The preprint server provides a reliable space for early research communication without limiting future journal publication opportunities.
language: en
publication name: Pakistan Digital Publishers
items: Plantar Fasciitis: A Case Study
items: Foot Health Status Among Academic and Clinical Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using 10 g Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Testing
items: PREVALENCE OF PES PLANUS IN GRADE 1 OBESITY
items: Prevalence of Medial Longitudinal Arch in Third Trimester of Pregnant Women
items: ONYCHOCRYPTOSIS
items: Plantar Pressure Mapping
items: Limb Salvage: Predictors of Major Amputation and Limb Salvage Rates in Chronic Threatening Limb Ischemia (CTLI)
items: From Callus to Catastrophe: Identifying Early Warning Signs of Diabetic Foot Complications
items: Foot Deformities in Children
items: Sex Differences in Foot Biomechanics: Implications for Podiatric Practice
items: GANGRENE: Its Impact and Modern Treatment Approaches
items: The Heat Map of Prevention: Utilizing Thermographic Imaging for Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
items: Microbial Dynamics of the Foot: Transition From Commensal Flora to Infection
items: Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb: Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestation, and Preventive Strategies
items: Raising Awareness about Ingrown Toenails
items: Association between Traditional Footwear and Structural Foot Changes
items: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the managemant of urinary stones
items: HAMMER TOE: Risk Factor Recognition and Prevention Strategies for Foot Health
items: Effects of Ibuprofen Duo on High-Grade Fever in Malaria Patients
items: Achilles Tendinitis: clinical features, Risk factors, and Preventive strategies
items: Common Foot Myths vs Facts: Promoting Early Awareness for Better Foot Health
items: A Blisters on your Feet? Don't let them Slow you Down!
items: Awareness of bunion in the aging population
items: The Collapsing Arch: A Silent Cause Of Adult Flatfoot
items: Smart Phone Usage and its Impact on Foot Biomechanics.
items: TINEA PEDIS
items: Fashion Fades, Footpain Stays
items: A Neuro-Occupational Perspective on Pediatric Visual Impairment
items: The impact of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality trend in sensorimotor recvovery of post stroke patients

Plantar Fasciitis: A Case Study
type: item
description: Plantar fasciitis is a leading cause of heel pain, primarily associated with repetitive stress, overuse, and biomechanical abnormalities of the foot. This case study highlights a patient presenting with persistent heel pain, most pronounced during the first steps in the morning and following prolonged periods of standing. Contributing risk factors included extended weight-bearing activities, possible improper footwear, and reduced flexibility of the lower limb structures. Clinical evaluation revealed localized tenderness at the medial calcaneal tubercle, tightness of the Achilles tendon, and pain exacerbated by weight-bearing movements. The diagnosis was established through a comprehensive assessment involving patient history, physical examination, and functional testing, emphasizing the importance of early identification and clinical evaluation in managing plantar fasciitis. This case underscores the role of mechanical stress and soft tissue
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Achilles Tendon Tightness
  topic: keywords
subject: Plantar Fasciitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Heel Pain
  topic: keywords
subject: Medial Calcaneal Tubercle
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Biomechanics
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryam Ashfaq
creator: Muskan Zehra
creator: Fatimah Siddiqui
creator: Avisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Ashfaq, Muskan Zehra, Fatimah Siddiqui, Avisha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19920063

Foot Health Status Among Academic and Clinical Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Foot health plays a vital role in mobility and occupational performance, particularly among individuals engaged in prolonged standing and physically demanding tasks. This study aims to compare foot health status between academic and clinical workers, who are exposed to distinct occupational stressors in different work environments. A cross-sectional study design will be employed, involving 196 participants aged 22–60 years with a minimum of six months of job experience. Foot health status will be assessed using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), a validated tool for evaluating foot-related health outcomes. Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 26, and appropriate statistical tests, including the Chi-square test, will be applied to determine significant differences between groups. The findings of this study are expected to highlight occupational variations in foot health and contribute to improved workplace health strategies for both academic and clinical professionals.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Foot Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational health
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ)
  topic: keywords
subject: Musculoskeletal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical Workers
  topic: keywords
creator: Muneeza Qasim
creator: Javeria Zubair
creator: Nehal Ismail
creator: Sawera Shoukat
creator: Syeda Rubasha Mir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muneeza Qasim , Javeria Zubair, Nehal Ismail, Sawera Shoukat, Syeda Rubasha Mir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19766383

Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using 10 g Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Testing
type: item
description: Peripheral neuropathy is a common and significant complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), often leading to loss of protective sensation and an increased risk of foot ulceration and amputation. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy among individuals with T2DM using the 10 g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, a simple and cost-effective screening tool. A cross-sectional design was employed, including participants with a confirmed diagnosis of T2DM. The monofilament was applied to specific plantar sites on both feet to assess sensory perception, with loss of protective sensation defined as the inability to perceive pressure at one or more sites. Findings indicate that the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ranges approximately from 26% to 35%, with a considerable proportion of patients demonstrating sensory loss. These results highlight the importance of early screening and routine assessment in diabetic patients to prevent severe complications. The study supports the use of the monofilament test as an effective method for early detection and risk stratification in clinical and community settings.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Peripheral Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic Foot
  topic: keywords
subject: Monofilament Test
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Ulceration
  topic: keywords
creator: Maimoona Imam
creator: Ameema Moiz
creator: Zoya Hassan
creator: Harmeen Arif
creator: Ambreena Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maimoona Imam, Ameema Moiz, Zoya Hassan , Harmeen Arif , Ambreena Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19711468

PREVALENCE OF PES PLANUS IN GRADE 1 OBESITY
type: item
description: Pes Planus (flatfoot), characterized by the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, is a frequently overlooked condition that can significantly affect gait, posture, and overall musculoskeletal health. With the rising prevalence of grade 1 obesity, increased mechanical stress on the foot arches has become a growing concern. Additional contributing factors such as age-related degeneration, gender-related ligament laxity, and occupational demands involving prolonged standing may further predispose individuals to this condition. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence of pes planus among individuals with grade 1 obesity and to evaluate its association with body mass index (BMI), age, gender, and prolonged standing occupations. A total of 378 participants aged 19–40 years with a BMI of 30.0–34.9 kg/m² will be recruited from hospitals, local markets, and primary schools. Individuals with a history of foot surgery or neurological disorders will be excluded. Pes planus will be assessed using the navicular drop test, and data will be collected through a structured proforma. Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS version 25, with associations evaluated through the chi-square test. It is anticipated that pes planus will be highly prevalent in individuals with grade 1 obesity and significantly associated with both intrinsic factors (BMI, age, gender) and extrinsic factors (prolonged standing occupations). The findings are expected to emphasize the importance of early screening, preventive interventions, and ergonomic strategies to reduce long-term complications and improve quality of life.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Grade 1 obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: Pes Planus
  topic: keywords
subject: Body mass index (BMI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Navicular drop test
  topic: keywords
subject: Musculoskeletal Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahanaim Shakeel
creator: Maham Siddiqui
creator: Muntaha Siddique
creator: Fatima Javed
creator: Muhammad Amir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahanaim Shakeel, Maham Siddiqui, Muntaha Siddique, Fatima Javed, Muhammad Amir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19792630

Prevalence of Medial Longitudinal Arch in Third Trimester of Pregnant Women
type: item
description: Pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester, is associated with substantial hormonal and biomechanical alterations that can affect foot structure and function. One notable change is the flattening of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA), which may contribute to pain, discomfort, and reduced postural stability. Despite its clinical relevance, limited local research has explored this phenomenon among pregnant women in Karachi. This cross-sectional observational study aims to evaluate changes in the MLA among 383 third-trimester pregnant women selected through non-probability convenience sampling. Assessment tools include the Navicular Drop Test, Foot Posture Index (FPI-6), footprint analysis, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Foot Function Index (FFI). Participants with congenital foot deformities, significant obstetric complications, or neurological and musculoskeletal conditions affecting gait are excluded. The findings indicate that MLA flattening is highly prevalent during the third trimester and is significantly associated with pain and functional limitations. Early identification and appropriate interventions, such as supportive footwear and foot care strategies, may improve comfort, mobility, and overall quality of life in pregnant women.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Medial Longitudnal Arch
  topic: keywords
subject: Preganant Women
  topic: keywords
subject: Navicular Drop Test
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Posture Index
  topic: keywords
creator: Shiza Khan
creator: Nida Khalil
creator: Safa Fareed
creator: Amtul Habib
creator: Sakina Zehra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shiza Khan, Nida Khalil, Safa Fareed, Amtul Habib, Sakina Zehra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19926760

ONYCHOCRYPTOSIS
type: item
description: Onychocryptosis, commonly known as an ingrown toenail, is a prevalent nail disorder characterized by pain, inflammation, and potential infection resulting from the penetration of the nail plate into surrounding soft tissue. This case report describes a 54-year-old male who presented with a 10-day history of pain, swelling, and erythema along the lateral border of the right great toe. Clinical examination revealed edema, tenderness, and purulent discharge, consistent with stage II (infection stage) Onychocryptosis. Although initial conservative management, including local care and patient education, was considered, persistent symptoms necessitated definitive intervention. The patient subsequently underwent partial nail avulsion combined with Phenol Matricectomy. Postoperative outcomes were favorable, with marked resolution of infection, alleviation of symptoms, and restoration of normal function. No recurrence was observed during follow-up. This case underscores the critical role of podiatrists in accurate diagnosis, appropriate staging, and timely selection of treatment strategies. It also highlights Phenol Matricectomy as a safe, minimally invasive, and highly effective procedure with low recurrence rates for managing moderate to severe Onychocryptosis.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Onychocryptosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenolization
  topic: keywords
subject: Partial Nail Evulsion
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenol Matricectomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Stage II Onychocryptosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahzad Ali
creator: Jerusha Gill
creator: Maham Nadeem
creator: Nimra Edhi
creator: Sunaina Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shahzad Ali, Jerusha Gill, Maham Nadeem, Nimra Edhi, Sunaina Javed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19701462

Plantar Pressure Mapping
type: item
description: Plantar pressure mapping is an advanced technique used to assess how forces are distributed across the plantar surface of the foot during both standing and walking. It serves as an important diagnostic and monitoring tool in clinical and research settings by providing objective data on load distribution. This method utilizes sensor-based systems to capture variations in pressure, which are then represented visually through color-coded maps, making complex biomechanical data easier to interpret and analyze . The human foot plays a crucial role in supporting body weight and enabling movement. Any imbalance in pressure distribution can lead to discomfort, injury, or long-term musculoskeletal conditions. Through plantar pressure mapping, clinicians can evaluate how forces are transferred across different regions of the foot, identify abnormalities such as excessive loading, and assess gait patterns including pronation and supination. This information is essential for understanding foot function and improving overall biomechanical efficiency . The technique involves measuring the interaction between the foot and the ground using pressure-sensitive devices, such as mats or in-shoe sensors. These systems detect force variations and generate visual pressure maps, where high-pressure areas are typically indicated by warm colors (e.g., red and orange) and low-pressure areas by cooler tones (e.g., blue and green). Such graphical representations help clinicians quickly identify problematic regions and make informed decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment planning. Plantar pressure mapping is particularly valuable in managing conditions like diabetes, where patients are at a higher risk of developing foot ulcers due to reduced sensation and poor circulation. By identifying high-pressure zones early, healthcare providers can implement preventive strategies such as customized orthotics or specialized footwear. Additionally, this technique supports applications like gait analys…
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Plantar Pressure Mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot biomechanics
  topic: keywords
subject: Pressure distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic foot care
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomechanical evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainab Farooq Zainab Farooq
creator: Fatima Tuz Zahrah Fatima Tuz Zahrah
creator: Areeba Mansoor
creator: Taha Malik
creator: Fizza Anees
creator: Ayesha Ayaz Ayesha Ayaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Farooq, Fatima Tuz Zahrah, Areeba Mansoor , Taha Malik, Fizza Anees, Ayesha Ayaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-12
publication date: 2026-04-12
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19536880

Limb Salvage: Predictors of Major Amputation and Limb Salvage Rates in Chronic Threatening Limb Ischemia (CTLI)
type: item
description: Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CTLI) represents the most advanced and severe stage of peripheral arterial disease, with a significant clinical burden and an estimated 25% risk of major amputation within one year of diagnosis. Early identification of at-risk patients, followed by prompt and appropriate intervention, plays a crucial role in improving limb salvage outcomes. Given the high associated mortality, timely recognition and rapid revascularization remain the cornerstone strategies for preserving both limb and life. Current outcome data highlights the seriousness of this condition, with 1-year limb salvage rates ranging from 51% to 63% and overall survival rates between 66% and 83%, while major amputations still occur in nearly 18% of patients. Although surgical bypass offers durable results, endovascular therapy is often preferred in high-risk individuals to reduce perioperative complications. Notably, outcomes are closely linked to the timing of intervention, as both excessively early and delayed revascularization have been associated with poorer results, underscoring the importance of optimal clinical judgment. Successful management of CTLI depends on a combination of early diagnosis, aggressive risk factor modification, and a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Functional recovery after amputation is challenging, as above-knee amputees may require up to twice the normal energy expenditure for walking, making structured rehabilitation essential. Ultimately, restoring adequate vascular supply alongside comprehensive wound care is vital for achieving functional independence and improving the patient’s quality of life. This study further identifies key predictors of major amputation, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, smoking, tissue loss, infection, severity of ischemia, and timing of revascularization. The Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) classification system is utilized to stratify patients into four risk categories, r…
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Chronic Limb Ischemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Limb Salvage
  topic: keywords
subject: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
  topic: keywords
subject: WIfI Classification System
  topic: keywords
subject: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
  topic: keywords
creator: Zymal Fatima Siddiqui
creator: Fatima Rashid
creator: Abiha Azfar
creator: Anosha Kakar
creator: Aroob Kakar
creator: Haya Shoaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zymal Fatima Siddiqui, Fatima Rashid, Abiha Azfar, Anosha Kakar, Aroob Kakar, Haya Shoaib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19468734

From Callus to Catastrophe: Identifying Early Warning Signs of Diabetic Foot Complications
type: item
description: Diabetic foot disease remains a major contributor to disability and lower-limb amputation, particularly among individuals with Type 2 diabetes. This project highlights the progression from early, seemingly minor pre-ulcerative lesions such as calluses, corns, and blisters to severe and potentially limb-threatening complications. A central challenge in prevention is the loss of protective sensation caused by peripheral neuropathy and impaired circulation. As a result, patients may not perceive pain from minor injuries, allowing unnoticed trauma to progress into infections and ulcers. This underscores the critical importance of early detection and proactive clinical vigilance before irreversible damage occurs. The study emphasizes the application of a standardized four-class risk stratification system to guide prevention and management. This framework categorizes patients based on the presence of neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, deformities, or prior ulceration, enabling targeted screening and intervention strategies. Given that a significant majority of amputations are preceded by foot ulcers, recognizing early warning signs—such as persistent calluses, redness, swelling, discharge, or delayed wound healing is essential. Integrating patient self-care practices, including daily foot inspection and hygiene, with clinical management approaches like offloading, debridement, infection control, and appropriate pharmacological therapy, forms the cornerstone of effective care. Despite advances in management, diabetic foot ulcers have a high recurrence rate, placing patients at continued risk of complications. The findings highlight that early identification of pre-ulcerative changes, particularly calluses, combined with regular risk-based screening, is the most effective strategy to prevent disease progression. However, a notable gap persists between patient awareness and the implementation of clinical risk stratification. Bridging this gap through improved patient e…
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Diabetic foot health
  topic: keywords
subject: Pre-ulcerative lesions
  topic: keywords
subject: Callus formation
  topic: keywords
subject: Peripheral Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Ulcer prevention
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Anis
creator: Zainab Inam
creator: Rumaisa Uraizee
creator: Yanabia Wajid
creator: Nayab Qadir
creator: Hafsa Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ayesha Anis, Zainab Inam, Rumaisa Uraizee , Yanabia Wajid, Nayab Qadir, Hafsa Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-05
publication date: 2026-04-05
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19428305

Foot Deformities in Children
type: item
description: Foot deformities in children are common orthopedic conditions that can adversely affect musculoskeletal development, gait, and overall functional outcomes if not identified and managed early. This poster provides an overview of three prevalent pediatric foot abnormalities: flat foot (pes planus), club foot (congenital talipes equinovarus), and idiopathic toe walking. Flat foot is characterized by the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch and is associated with genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as obesity, ligamentous laxity, and inappropriate footwear; it affects approximately 10–30% of children and adolescents and may lead to pain, abnormal gait, and long-term complications if untreated. Club foot is a congenital deformity involving inward and downward twisting of the foot, primarily managed using the Ponseti method of serial casting and bracing, with surgical intervention reserved for resistant cases; its etiology includes both genetic and prenatal environmental influences. Idiopathic toe walking is defined as persistent toe walking without a clear cause, though it may be associated with neurological or developmental conditions; if untreated, it can result in Achilles tendon shortening, ankle stiffness, and gait abnormalities. Management strategies across these conditions include conservative approaches such as physical therapy, orthotics, and casting, with surgery considered in severe cases. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential to prevent complications and improve long-term functional outcomes in affected children.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Pediatric Foot Deformities
  topic: keywords
subject: Idiopathic Toe Walking
  topic: keywords
subject: Gait Abnormalities
  topic: keywords
subject: Flat Foot (Pes Planus)
  topic: keywords
subject: Pediatric Orthopedics
  topic: keywords
creator: Alizah Ali
creator: Shazma Khan
creator: Laiba Sammoo
creator: Mahnoor Wistro
creator: Mateen Malik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alizah Ali, Shazma Khan, Laiba Sammoo , Mahnoor Wistro , Mateen Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-13
publication date: 2026-04-13
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19550781

Sex Differences in Foot Biomechanics: Implications for Podiatric Practice
type: item
description: Biological sex remains an under-recognized but critical determinant in podiatric medicine, significantly influencing foot biomechanics, Achilles tendon (AT) morphology, and plantar pressure distribution. This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing peer-reviewed literature to identify sex-specific differences in AT mechanics and morphology, compare gait patterns and plantar pressure distribution between sexes, and evaluate the clinical implications of these variations for injury prevention and podiatric practice. The findings indicate distinct sexual dimorphisms: males possess larger, stiffer ATs, yet paradoxically face a 2–8 times greater risk of tendon rupture compared to females, whose tendons exhibit lower stiffness and higher compliance driven by hormonal influences like estrogen and relaxin. Furthermore, the prevalence of hallux valgus is substantially higher in females (58%) than in males (25%), attributed to a complex interplay of footwear habits, osseous anatomy, and ligamentous laxity. Biomechanically, females demonstrate higher peak pressures in the hallux and forefoot alongside distinct gait patterns including greater knee valgus and hip abduction whereas males exhibit higher pressure in the lateral forefoot and heel. Ultimately, these results confirm that significant sex-based differences in foot biomechanics and pathology prevalence exist. Therefore, integrating sex as a fundamental biological variable is essential for advancing personalized podiatric assessments, optimizing orthotic prescriptions, and improving clinical rehabilitation outcomes.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Foot biomechanics
  topic: keywords
subject: Podiatric Medicicne
  topic: keywords
subject: Gait kinematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Achilles tendon morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: Hallux valgus prevalence
  topic: keywords
creator: Syeda Fatima Zainab
creator: Syeda Jasmin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Fatima Zainab , Syeda Jasmin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-09
publication date: 2026-04-09
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19355951

GANGRENE: Its Impact and Modern Treatment Approaches
type: item
description: Gangrene is a severe pathological condition characterized by tissue necrosis resulting from compromised blood supply, infection, or trauma. It is commonly associated with chronic conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Artery Disease, which significantly increase the risk of disease progression and complications, including limb amputation. Given its high morbidity, early recognition and timely management are critical in improving patient outcomes. This study aims to review the major causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and contemporary management strategies of gangrene, with a particular focus on prevention and early detection. The analysis is based on established medical literature and clinical guidelines, including those from the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, alongside other relevant resources on diabetic foot complications. Findings highlight that early identification of high-risk individuals especially patients with diabetes, vascular insufficiency, or sensory loss is essential in preventing disease progression. Routine foot assessments, patient education, and prompt clinical intervention play a pivotal role in reducing complications. Common clinical features such as pain, discoloration, swelling, and loss of sensation should be carefully monitored to enable early diagnosis. Current management strategies emphasize a multidisciplinary approach, including revascularization procedures (such as angioplasty or bypass surgery), surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, targeted antibiotic therapy, and advanced wound care techniques. These interventions have significantly improved healing rates and reduced the need for major amputations. Additionally, emerging therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy show promising results in selected cases by enhancing tissue oxygenation and promoting wound healing. In conclusion, effective prevention, early diagnosis, and comprehensive management are essential in reducing the burden of gangren…
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Gangrene
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes Mellitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic Foot
  topic: keywords
subject: Revascularization
  topic: keywords
subject: Tissue Necrosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Areej Ahmed
creator: Vaniza Khan
creator: Irum Khan
creator: Zainab Soomro
creator: Hareem Younus
creator: Naba Sheikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Areej Ahmed, Vaniza Khan, Irum Khan, Zainab Soomro, Hareem Younus, Naba Sheikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19363888

The Heat Map of Prevention: Utilizing Thermographic Imaging for Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
type: item
description: Diabetic neuropathy often leads to a loss of protective sensation, creating a "pain gap" where patients are unable to feel early-stage injuries or inflammation. This lack of sensory feedback frequently results in severe ulceration and, in many cases, necessary amputation. This research utilizes infrared thermography to bridge this visual gap by identifying localized thermal "hot spots" where the temperature difference is greater than 2.2 degrees Celsius before skin breakdown occurs. The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic precision of non-invasive infrared sensors in mapping pre-ulcerative thermal anomalies and to determine the correlation between plantar temperature asymmetry and the risk of localized tissue necrosis. Focusing on patients with confirmed diabetic neuropathy, the methodology required participants to undergo a 15-minute acclimatization period at 20 to 24 degrees Celsius to stabilize skin temperature before a plantar infrared scan protocol was executed. If a temperature differential of greater than 2.2 degrees Celsius was detected between corresponding sites on the feet, the area was flagged as a high-risk thermal anomaly, triggering immediate proactive offloading and intervention. The results demonstrated that infrared thermography functions effectively as a "visual pain sensor," detecting sub-clinical tissue stress and inflammation otherwise invisible to the naked eye. Ultimately, thermal scanning serves as a fast, low-cost, and radiation-free tool for routine diabetic foot assessments. By identifying "at-risk" feet in the pre-ulcerative stage, this technology can significantly reduce amputation rates and lower long-term healthcare costs, shifting the medical approach from reactive care to proactive thermal monitoring.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Plantar Temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic Foot Ulcers
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Infrared Thermography
  topic: keywords
creator: Danish Perdeep Kumar
creator: Muhammad Ahmed Ather
creator: Muhammad Haris Amin
creator: Shehryar Khan
creator: Haziq Suleiman
creator: Musab bin Sajjad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Danish Perdeep kumar, Muhammad Ahmed Ather , Muhammad Haris Amin, Shehryar Khan, Haziq Suleiman, Musab bin Sajjad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19337149

Microbial Dynamics of the Foot: Transition From Commensal Flora to Infection
type: item
description: The human foot hosts a diverse microbiome composed of commensal bacteria and fungi that play a crucial role in maintaining skin health and preventing colonization by pathogenic organisms. Common genera such as Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium coexist harmoniously with the host under normal conditions. However, environmental and physiological changes including increased moisture, poor hygiene, occlusive footwear, or skin damage can disrupt this balance, leading to microbial dysbiosis. This imbalance promotes the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and various Gram-negative bacteria, as well as dermatophytic fungi, resulting in infections ranging from superficial conditions like tinea pedis to more severe tissue infections. Pathogenic progression involves mechanisms such as microbial adherence, keratin degradation, tissue invasion, and immune evasion. Understanding the transition from commensal flora to pathogenic states is essential for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This highlights the importance of maintaining proper foot hygiene and environmental control to preserve microbial balance and reduce the risk of infection, particularly in vulnerable populations such as individuals with diabetes.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Microbial Flora
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungal Infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial pathogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Staphylococcus aureus
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarah Salman
creator: Insha Hassan
creator: Tehreem Hafsa
creator: Akasha Mukhtiar
creator: Farheen Azeemi
creator: Umaima Muhammad Naeem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Salman, Insha Hassan, Tehreem Hafsa, Akasha Mukhtiar , Farheen Azeemi , Umaima Muhammad Naeem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19385818

Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb: Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestation, and Preventive Strategies
type: item
description: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a critical medical condition characterized by the formation of blood clots within deep veins, most frequently occurring in the lower limbs. Globally, DVT affects approximately 1 to 2 individuals per 1,000 annually, with a significant burden observed in Pakistan; for instance, research in Karachi reported a 15.3% incidence rate among bedridden orthopedic patients who did not receive preventive treatment. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate major risk factors and clinical manifestations while emphasizing the necessity of early detection and public awareness. Analysis of clinical data reveals that the most prominent risk factors prolonged immobilization, aging, and hospitalization or ICU stays each account for 22% of cases, followed by hormonal therapy and orthopedic injuries at 11% each. While symptoms typically include unilateral leg swelling, pain, redness, and warmth, many cases remain asymptomatic, increasing the risk of the clot traveling to the lungs to cause a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Ultimately, DVT is a highly preventable condition that remains underrecognized. These findings underscore the critical importance of implementing prophylactic measures, such as anticoagulant therapy and early mobilization, alongside robust patient education to reduce overall morbidity and mortality.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Pulmonary Embolism
  topic: keywords
subject: Immobilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Anticoagulant Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Venous Thromboembolism
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospitalized Patients
  topic: keywords
creator: Hina Mengal
creator: Haniya Rehman
creator: Hifza Fatima
creator: Bisma Nadeem
creator: Abeer Naeem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hina Mengal, Haniya Rehman , Hifza Fatima , Bisma Nadeem , Abeer Naeem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-17
publication date: 2026-03-17
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19057855

Raising Awareness about Ingrown Toenails
type: item
description: Ingrown toenails represent a common yet preventable medical condition that can lead to significant pain, infection, and severe complications if ignored. This condition accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of all foot-related medical visits, highlighting its high prevalence among the general population. The pathological process typically advances through several distinct phases, beginning with the initial stage of nail ingrowth and progressing through stages of inflammation and suppuration before reaching a chronic stage process. Various risk factors contribute to this development, including improper nail trimming, toe injuries, fungal infections, sweaty feet, and the use of tight-fitting shoes. Clinical intervention is strongly advised when patients observe increasing pain, swelling, pus, drainage, or spreading redness, particularly for those with underlying health concerns like diabetes or poor circulation. Effective management and prevention strategies involve both medical and surgical approaches, ranging from antibiotic therapy to procedures such as partial nail avulsion, partial matrixectomy, and total nail avulsion.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Ingrown Toenails
  topic: keywords
subject: Nail Avulsion
  topic: keywords
subject: Preventative Podiatry
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factor Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Pathological Progression
  topic: keywords
creator: Ebad
creator: Ibtehaj
creator: Khalil
creator: Noor
creator: Aurangzeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ebad , Ibtehaj , Khalil , Noor , Aurangzeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19176716

Association between Traditional Footwear and Structural Foot Changes
type: item
description: Traditional footwear is essential for maintaining foot structure and function, yet its design often lacks critical arch support, cushioning, and stability. Biomechanical research shows that variations in foot arches and walking styles put different pressures on the feet, and wearing shoes that are too small in length or width significantly increases the risk for injuries. Studies indicate that 63–72% of individuals wear improperly sized shoes, leading to a high prevalence of conditions: 72% suffer from corns, 68% from calluses, 63% from foot pain, 45% from bunions, and 32% from hammertoes. Common complications include "pump bump" or Haglund's deformity caused by rigid straps on high heels, as well as an increased risk of ankle sprains due to impacted balance. Tight or narrow footwear causes deformities like hallux valgus and claw toes by squeezing the digits and restricting natural movement. Understanding this relationship is vital for balance, posture, and pain-free movement. Treatment involves rest and ice for pain relief, the use of orthotic insoles or toe spacers for alignment, physiotherapy to improve function, and surgery for severe cases.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Traditional Footwear
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomechanics
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Deformities
  topic: keywords
creator: Areesha Fatima
creator: Ayesha Begum
creator: Tazmeen Lakhani
creator: Aeman Habib
creator: Alishba Saleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Areesha Fatima , Ayesha Begum, Tazmeen Lakhani, Aeman Habib , Alishba Saleem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19006895

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the managemant of urinary stones
type: item
description: CONFERENCE ABSTRACT Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the Management of Urinary Stones: Indications, Technique, and Outcomes Dr Sadaf Saadi Department of Urology, Sarhad University BACKGROUND Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold-standard minimally invasive surgical procedure for the management of large, complex, and refractory urinary calculi. First described by Fernström and Johansson in 1976, PCNL provides direct nephroscopic access to the renal collecting system, enabling efficient stone fragmentation and extraction. Urinary stone disease affects approximately 10–15% of the global population, with a lifetime recurrence risk of up to 50%. Current European Association of Urology (EAU) and American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend PCNL as the first-line surgical treatment for renal calculi ≥20 mm and as salvage therapy following failed extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) or ureteroscopy (URS). OBJECTIVE To comprehensively review the indications, patient selection criteria, operative technique, clinical outcomes, comparative efficacy against alternative modalities, and complication profile of PCNL in the contemporary management of urinary stone disease. INDICATIONS & PATIENT SELECTION PCNL is primarily indicated for renal stones ≥20 mm in the upper and mid pole, lower pole calculi ≥15 mm, and complex stone burdens including complete and partial staghorn calculi, struvite, and cystine stones. Additional indications include failed ESWL or URS with residual fragments >4 mm, stones in anatomically abnormal kidneys (horseshoe kidney, pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction), and morbidly obese patients. Absolute contraindications include uncorrected coagulopathy and untreated urinary tract infection, which must be resolved prior to surgery. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE PCNL is performed under general or spinal anaesthesia with the patient in the prone or modified supine (Valdivia) position. A ureteric catheter is placed cystoscopically to facili…
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: kidney stone
  topic: keywords
subject: PCNL
  topic: keywords
subject: Pain
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Sadaf Sadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Sadaf Sadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18930534

HAMMER TOE: Risk Factor Recognition and Prevention Strategies for Foot Health
type: item
description: Hammer toe is a prevalent foot deformity characterized by an abnormal bend at the middle joint of one of the smaller toes, resulting in a distinct hammer-like appearance. This condition occurs when prolonged pressure or positioning forces the toes into a cramped state, causing the muscles and tendons to tighten and adjust to an unusual position. While often viewed as a structural issue, hammer toe can lead to significant pain, discomfort, and impaired mobility if left unmanaged. Hammer toe is a prevalent foot deformity characterized by an abnormal bend at the middle joint of one of the smaller toes, resulting in a distinct hammer like appearance. This condition occurs when prolonged pressure or positioning forces the toes into a cramped state, causing the muscles and tendons to tighten and adjust to an unusual position. While often viewed as a structural issue, hammer toe can lead to significant pain, discomfort, and impaired mobility if left unmanaged.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Hammer Toe
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Deformity
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevention Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Toe Deformity
  topic: keywords
creator: Rameen Naeem
creator: M. Hassan
creator: Saira Khan
creator: Eisha - tur - Raziya
creator: Noor - ul - Ain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rameen Naeem, M. Hassan, Saira Khan , Eisha - tur - Raziya , Noor - ul - Ain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18940464

Effects of Ibuprofen Duo on High-Grade Fever in Malaria Patients
type: item
description: Background Malaria is a major infectious disease characterized by recurrent high-grade fever, chills, and systemic inflammation. Fever management is important to reduce patient discomfort and prevent complications. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are commonly used as antipyretics. Studies have shown that ibuprofen significantly reduces febrile temperature in malaria patients compared with other antipyretics, making it a useful supportive therapy in malaria management. “Ibuprofen Duo” (a dual-action formulation or combined antipyretic therapy) may provide enhanced fever control in malaria patients with high-grade fever. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Ibuprofen Duo in reducing high-grade fever among malaria patients. Methods Study Design: Experimental study Participants: Patients diagnosed with malaria presenting with high-grade fever (>38.5°C). Intervention: Administration of Ibuprofen Duo 500mg twice per day for 5 days Data Collection: Body temperature recorded at baseline Temperature monitored at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours after medication Clinical symptoms documented Outcome Measures: Reduction in body temperature Time to fever resolution Patient comfort and symptom improvement Results Significant reduction (p<0.005) in body temperature observed within the first few hours of ibuprofen administration. Ibuprofen demonstrated greater antipyretic effect compared with some standard treatments such as paracetamol in certain malaria studies. Fever duration and overall fever burden were reduced in patients receiving ibuprofen therapy. No major adverse effects were observed in most cases. Conclusion Ibuprofen Duo appears to be effective in reducing high-grade fever associated with malaria. It can serve as a useful supportive therapy alongside antimalarial treatment. Further randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes are recommended to confirm its safety and effectiveness.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Ibuprofen
  topic: keywords
subject: High-Grade Fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Antipyretic Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: NSAIDs
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr Arshad Bhatti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Arshad Bhatti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

Achilles Tendinitis: clinical features, Risk factors, and Preventive strategies
type: item
description: Achilles tendinitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition affecting the tendon that anchors the calf muscles to the heel bone, serving as a critical component for human locomotion. This study explores the epidemiology and biomechanical triggers of the condition, noting significant prevalence rates among specific occupational groups in Pakistan, including nurses in Lahore (over 60%), physical therapists, and salespersons. Clinical manifestations typically include morning stiffness, swelling, and localized heel pain at the back of the ankle that intensifies during or after physical activity. The onset of tendinitis is largely driven by overuse, sudden increases in activity intensity, and improper footwear, such as high heels which place excessive stress on the tendon. Furthermore, physiological factors like tight calf muscles and inadequate stretching before exercise significantly elevate injury risk. To mitigate these risks, the study advocates for evidence-based preventive measures, including daily calf stretches, gradual progression of activity levels, and the use of supportive footwear. By integrating these postural and lifestyle adjustments, individuals can effectively protect tendon health and maintain long-term mobility.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Achilles Tendinitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Overuse Injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Preventive Physiotherapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Almas
creator: Syeda Ajjar
creator: Maha Bibi
creator: Marwa Barkat
creator: Fiza Hamid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Almas, Syeda Ajjar, Maha, Marwa Barkat, Fiza Hamid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18930316

Common Foot Myths vs Facts: Promoting Early Awareness for Better Foot Health
type: item
description: Foot health is frequently compromised by pervasive misconceptions that lead to improper self-care and long-term physiological complications. This study examines six common foot health issues barefoot walking, bunions, blisters, corns and calluses, toenail trimming, and flat feet to distinguish clinical facts from popular myths. While many believe conditions like bunions are merely cosmetic or that blisters should be drained, evidence suggests that these issues can significantly alter foot biomechanics or lead to secondary infections if managed incorrectly. The findings highlight that proper podiatric care involves evidence-based practices, such as cutting toenails straight across to prevent ingrown nails and utilizing padding for corns rather than dangerous at-home surgical scraping. Furthermore, the study clarifies that flat feet and barefoot walking are not inherently pathological but require situational caution based on comfort and surface safety. By promoting early awareness and differentiating between myths and facts, the public can adopt proactive care routines that mitigate the risk of infection and chronic discomfort.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Podiatric Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Biomechanics
  topic: keywords
subject: Pes Planus
  topic: keywords
creator: Unzila Javed
creator: Alishba Rehan
creator: Esha Alam
creator: Abeera Abid
creator: Roshni Gill
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Unzila Javed, Alishba Rehan, Esha Alam, Roshni Gill, Abeera Abid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18925724

A Blisters on your Feet? Don't let them Slow you Down!
type: item
description: Foot blisters, while often perceived as minor ailments, represent a significant clinical risk for individuals with diabetes due to the high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and impaired wound healing. This condition is particularly dangerous because nerve damage reduces sensation, allowing friction from ill-fitting footwear to cause fluid-filled sores that the patient may not immediately feel. Without early intervention, these blisters can rapidly progress to open ulcers and serious systemic infections. The etiology of diabetic foot blisters is primarily driven by poor glycemic control and peripheral neuropathy, which affects an estimated 50-70% of the diabetic population. These physiological factors, combined with improper footwear and poor foot hygiene, create a high-risk environment for skin breakdown. To mitigate these risks, this study emphasizes a multifaceted preventive approach: maintaining blood sugar levels within target ranges, wearing well-fitting cushioned shoes, and performing daily foot inspections to ensure skin integrity. Furthermore, regular podiatric check-ups and patient education are essential components of a proactive care plan. By prioritizing early identification and professional management of blisters, patients can prevent severe complications, preserve mobility, and significantly enhance their overall quality of life.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Diabetic foot health
  topic: keywords
subject: Peripheral Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Skin Integrity
  topic: keywords
creator: Rameen Khan
creator: Hiba Khanum
creator: Amna
creator: Rubab
creator: Laiba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rameen Khan, Hiba Khanum, Amna , Rubab , Laiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18940812

Awareness of bunion in the aging population
type: item
description: Hallux valgus, commonly referred to as a bunion, is a prevalent foot deformity characterized by the lateral deviation of the great toe and the formation of a bony prominence at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The condition is particularly common in the aging population due to progressive degeneration of joints, weakening of tendons and ligaments, reduced collagen production, and long-term mechanical stress on the foot. Hallux valgus can lead to pain, swelling, difficulty in wearing shoes, and impaired toe movement, which ultimately affects mobility and quality of life. Globally, approximately 19–23% of adults are affected, while studies in Pakistan report a prevalence of about 37.5% among adults. The present work highlights the awareness of bunion deformity among the aging population, including its common signs, symptoms, risk factors, and management approaches. Early recognition and preventive strategies such as appropriate footwear, orthotic support, toe alignment devices, and foot exercises play a vital role in reducing symptoms and preventing progression. In more severe cases, clinical assessment and surgical referral may be required. Increasing awareness regarding risk factors and preventive measures is essential to improve foot health, maintain mobility, and enhance the quality of life among older adults. https://doi.org/10.5281/18896444
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Hallux Valgus
  topic: keywords
subject: Bunion
  topic: keywords
subject: Aging Population
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Deformity
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayesha Muhammad Ibrahim
creator: Zarrar Hamid
creator: Wasiya Imran
creator: Salman Khan
creator: Javairia Orangzaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ayesha Muhammad Ibrahim, Zarrar Hamid, Wasiya Imran, Salman Khan, Javairia Orangzaib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-07
publication date: 2026-03-07

The Collapsing Arch: A Silent Cause Of Adult Flatfoot
type: item
description: Adult-acquired flatfoot (AAF), also known as the collapsing arch, is a progressive musculoskeletal deformity characterized by collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, hindfoot valgus, and forefoot abduction. The condition is commonly linked with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and predominantly affects middle-aged adults, particularly women over 40 years of age. Epidemiological estimates suggest a prevalence of approximately 3–10%, though many cases remain undiagnosed, especially in developing countries. Risk factors such as obesity, aging, diabetes, hypertension, previous trauma, and steroid exposure contribute significantly to the development and progression of this disorder. Clinically, patients may present with medial ankle and foot pain, swelling along the inner ankle, fatigue in the feet, and difficulty walking or standing for prolonged periods. Progressive collapse of the arch can lead to altered foot biomechanics, reduced mobility, and long-term joint complications if left untreated. Early recognition through clinical assessment and awareness of symptoms is essential for timely intervention. Preventive strategies include maintaining a healthy body weight, strengthening foot muscles, wearing supportive footwear, and seeking early medical evaluation. Management approaches range from conservative treatments such as orthotics and physiotherapy to advanced medical or surgical interventions in severe cases. This poster aims to highlight the key clinical features, risk factors, preventive measures, and treatment strategies of adult-acquired flatfoot to promote early diagnosis, improve patient outcomes, and increase awareness among healthcare professionals and the general population. https://doi.org/10.5281/18885825
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Adult Acquired Flatfoot
  topic: keywords
subject: Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Management / Conservative Treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Aliza Siddiqui
creator: Adeena Asif
creator: Samia Ejaz
creator: Ushna Ejaz
creator: Wardah Riaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aliza Siddiqui, Adeena Asif, Samia Ejaz, Ushna Ejaz, Wardah Riyaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06

Smart Phone Usage and its Impact on Foot Biomechanics.
type: item
description: Smartphone integration in daily life keeps increasing and so its physiological consequences have greatly extended beyond the well, documented "text neck" to the whole kinetic chain, ultimately affecting foot biomechanics. This paper is a part of a research series that examines how prolonged smartphone use location wandering on the street, for example, can promote postural changes and lower limb function abnormalities in individuals. Studies have shown that everyday smartphone use significantly inhibits muscle activity in the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and gluteal muscles, thus yielding a cautious gait pattern (shorter stride and delayed heel, off). Besides, investigations on lower limb stiffness demonstrate a "hip, ankle strategy" which hyper, contracts the joints and hence the muscles are more prone to fatigue and injuries. Major biomechanical changes to foot were identified mainly as plantar pressure variations presenting increased forefoot loading and possible arch drop. Foot Posture Index (FPI, 6) and Baropodometry are the main diagnostic tools employed in these studies to measure variations of posture parameters such as craniovertebral angle and navicular drop, which have shown a clear relationship with the time of everyday smartphone usage. To relieve these problems, foot doctors suggest undertaking posture correction programs, performing foot, specific strengthening exercises, and using orthotics only as a last resort. All in all, this paper points out the imperativeness of including digital device usage habits when dealing with musculoskeletal and podiatric health issues.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Kinetic Chain
  topic: keywords
subject: baropodometry
  topic: keywords
subject: FPI-6
  topic: keywords
creator: Fabiha Umair
creator: Laiba Asif
creator: Alveena Asim Khan
creator: Hafsa Sheik
creator: Hafsa Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fabiha Umair , Laiba Asif, Alveena Asim Khan, Hafsa Sheik, Hafsa Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18939866

TINEA PEDIS
type: item
description: Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete’s foot, is a fungal infection of the foot caused by dermatophyte fungi. It is the most common dermatophyte infection and is particularly prevalent in hot, tropical, and urban environments. The condition usually begins between the toes and may lead to peeling skin, redness, and discomfort that can interfere with daily activities. Common symptoms include itching, redness, scaling, cracked skin, burning sensations, blisters, and dry, scaly soles. Fungal infections represent a significant public health concern in Pakistan. A 2017 study estimated that approximately 3.28 million people in Pakistan (1.78% of the population) are affected by serious fungal infections. Tinea pedis is also reported as a common dermatological problem in the country; for example, a study conducted in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, found athlete’s foot in approximately 10% of patients. Management of tinea pedis mainly involves topical antifungal therapy applied once or twice daily. Commonly used antifungal agents include azoles, allylamines, butenafine, and ciclopirox. Early treatment along with proper foot hygiene is essential to control the infection and prevent its spread. DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/18883239
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Athlete’s foot
  topic: keywords
subject: Tinea pedis
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungal foot infection
  topic: keywords
creator: MARYAM KALEEM
creator: MARIAM MUSTAFA
creator: NAMEERA SEHAR
creator: TAZMEEN RUKHSAR
creator: MAHNOOR KHAN
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maryam Kaleem, Mariam Mustafa, Nameera Sehar, Tazmeen Rukhsar, Mahnoor Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06

Fashion Fades, Footpain Stays
type: item
description: Morton’s neuroma is a debilitating pathological condition characterized by the thickening of tissue surrounding the digital nerves, most commonly occurring between the third and fourth metatarsals. This condition manifests as a sharp, burning pain in the ball of the foot, often accompanied by paresthesia, numbness, or the distinct sensation of standing on a pebble. Clinical evidence suggests a significant correlation between the frequent use of high-heeled footwear and the onset of these symptoms. The biomechanical stress of high heels forces a disproportionate amount of body weight onto the forefoot, leading to chronic compression of the toe nerves. When combined with tight toe boxes, this repeated mechanical irritation facilitates nerve thickening and inflammation. While severe cases may necessitate surgical excision or specialized padding, preventative strategies remain the primary defense for foot health. Effective management includes limiting the duration of high-heel wear, alternating heel heights, and transitioning to footwear featuring wide toe boxes and cushioned insoles to alleviate pressure on the forefoot. This study emphasizes that while fashion trends are ephemeral, the physiological repercussions of improper footwear can lead to long-term chronic pain.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Nerve Compression
  topic: keywords
subject: Metatarsalgia Symptoms
  topic: keywords
subject: Footwear Biomechanics
  topic: keywords
creator: Syeda Asfa Tahir
creator: Kinza Murtaza
creator: Zainab Asif
creator: Areesha Rubab
creator: Saifullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Asfa Tahir, Kinza Murtaza, Zainab Asif, Areesha Rubab, Saifullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18922813

A Neuro-Occupational Perspective on Pediatric Visual Impairment
type: item
description: Pediatric visual impairment is increasingly recognized as a complex condition influenced not only by ocular pathology but also by significant neurological and neurodiverse factors. This study employs a literature-based observational approach, reviewing 24 relevant studies selected from an initial pool of 33, to identify how these neurological influences impact the occupational performance of affected children. Findings indicate that 30–45% of visually impaired children present with cerebral visual impairment (CVI), particularly those with a history of prematurity or cerebral palsy, while over 60% of children with global developmental delay exhibit associated visual difficulties. Furthermore, there is a high prevalence of sensory processing and attention deficits among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which fundamentally alter visual perception, motor control, and behavior. Ultimately, the study concludes that functional challenges in pediatric visual impairment cannot be understood in isolation from a child's neurological profile. Recognizing these interrelated factors is essential for providing effective, targeted occupational therapy and early interventions that improve long-term independence and participation in daily life.
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Pediatric Visual Impairment
  topic: keywords
subject: CVI
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurodivergent Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurodevelopmental disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: ADHD
  topic: keywords
subject: ASD
  topic: keywords
subject: Occupational Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Manahil M. Farooq
creator: Dania Muhammad
creator: Reewa Bijarani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manahil M. Farooq, Dania Muhammad, Reewa Bijarani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19205078

The impact of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality trend in sensorimotor recvovery of post stroke patients
type: item
description: Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability worldwide, often resulting in sensorimotor impairments. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative rehabilitation tool offering immersive and non-immersive environments to enhance post-stroke motor recovery. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immersive and non-immersive VR interventions on sensorimotor recovery in post-stroke patients. Following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a comprehensive search was conducted across Google Scholar, PEDro, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials published in English between 2010 and 2020. Studies involving post-stroke patients aged above 18 years were included, comparing VR-based rehabilitation with traditional physiotherapy. The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale for the upper extremity. Data from eligible trials demonstrated moderate effect sizes (SMD = 0.498) favoring VR interventions over conventional therapy. Statistical analysis revealed significant heterogeneity (I² = 74.68%, p < 0.0001), but the overall risk of bias was low across studies. The findings support the use of both immersive and non-immersive VR modalities in stroke rehabilitation, showing significant improvement in upper extremity motor function across all phases of stroke recovery compared to control interventions. https://doi.org/10.5281/18885587
subject: Preprints
  topic: section
subject: Stroke
  topic: keywords
subject: Virtual Reality
  topic: keywords
subject: Motor Recovery
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaza Rizvi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jaza Rizvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21